Terminalia catappa is a fast-growing deciduous or semi-evergreen tree, typically reaching 15 metres in height,
with some specimens growing up to 40 metres. It has a pagoda-like canopy when young, later becoming
less structured as branches elongate and droop.

Known Hazards

Various species of biting and stinging ants inhabit hollow twigs on this tree.

Habitat

Found in mid-canopy positions near ocean beaches, river mouths, and coastal plains.
Thrives on sandy or rocky beaches.

Cultivation Status

Cultivated, Ornamental, Wild

Cultivation Details

Thrives in lowland tropics below 800 metres elevation.
Prefers temperatures between 21 - 32°C, but tolerates 10 - 36°C.
Requires annual rainfall of 1,500 - 3,400mm, tolerant of 700 - 4,200mm.
Grows well in moderately fertile, well-drained soils; tolerant of saline soils and neutral to moderately alkaline pH.

Edible Uses

Seed - raw or cooked; almond-flavored seeds eaten out of hand or roasted.
Seeds used in various culinary applications such as cookies, breads, and soups.
Rich source of zinc; seeds yield oil suitable for cooking.

Medicinal

Leaves and fruit contain tannins; used as astringents.
Leaves crushed with other herbs treat dysentery; red leaves used as vermifuge.
Sap of young leaves with kernel oil treats leprosy.
Various leaf preparations used for coughs, jaundice, indigestion, headaches, and colic.
Bark and root bark used for bilious fever, diarrhoea, thrush, and as an emetic.

Agroforestry Uses

Vast root system stabilizes sandy and poor soils; heavy leaf fall provides soil protection.
Promising for reforestation of sandy areas; controls aggressive grasses like Imperata cylindrica.

Other Uses

Trunk is a source of gum; seed oil used for soap making.
Bark, leaves, roots, and fruit rich sources of tannin used in leather preparation and ink.
Wood used for construction, furniture, boats, and various woodware; yields dyes ranging from black to yellow-green.

Propagation

Seed - pre-soak in cold water for 24 hours; germination occurs in about 20 days.
Seeds remain viable after floating long distances in water.